Research has also demonstrated that RT can improve cardiometabolic outcomes, such as increased insulin sensitivity and improved glycemic control, blood lipid profiles, and blood pressure (BP) in T2D. Research has supported the combined benefits of AT and RT to improve glycemic control and cardiometabolic health in T2D. These benefits include improved glycemic control, blood lipid profiles, and bone mineral density in healthy populations. Resistance training (RT) has gained popularity for its impact on improving body composition and muscular strength and, more recently, for its role in health and disease. The impact of aerobic training (AT) on health outcomes is well researched. Thus, incorporating sustainable exercise modalities that improve cardiometabolic risk factors can improve health outcomes. Exercise can reduce insulin resistance and improve glycemic control and blood lipid profiles in those with and without T2D. Preventative medicine warrants the need for lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise to prevent the risk of developing these diseases. This signifies the importance of blood lipid management in individuals with elevated BG levels. Medical recommendations to utilize cholesterol-lowering medications (i.e., statins) for individuals with diabetes to control LDL levels are based on accelerated rates of atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary artery disease. Controlling cholesterol levels can decrease morbidity and mortality rates in individuals with prediabetes, as increased cholesterol levels are evident in individuals with prediabetes compared to individuals with normal glucose tolerance. īlood lipid values such as total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) are relevant to cardiovascular health in prediabetes.
Prediabetes and T2D can be assessed through HbA1c, FPG, 2-h plasma glucose values, or 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests. The gold standard for assessing glycemic control is HbA1c, a reliable estimate of long-term glycemic control that indicates mean plasma glucose levels over the previous 3 to 4months and is not susceptible to diurnal variations in BG levels. Intensive glycemic control has shown reductions in hyperglycemia-induced microvascular complications in T2D. Treatment strategies, such as lifestyle modifications, that address abnormal metabolic risk factors, such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and blood lipids, can reduce rates of progression to T2D. Metabolic syndrome and prediabetes increase the risk for developing chronic diseases such as T2D and CVD, as 5–10% of those with prediabetes progress to T2D annually. This condition often leads to metabolic syndrome, a state characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Prediabetes is a condition defined as elevated blood glucose (BG) levels below the level considered to be T2D and impacted over 352.1 million people worldwide in 2017.
This disease is linked to premature mortality and significant morbidity, primarily a result of hyperglycemia-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) and microvascular complications including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects over 400 million people worldwide, accounts for around 90% of all cases of diabetes, and has an estimated annual global cost of 1.3 trillion dollars.